1. S100B ELISA in serum.
S100B is a marker of brain injury, chronic neurological diseases and glial activation. S100B is a calcium-binding peptide and is used as a parameter of glial activation and/or death in many disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). It plays important roles in normal CNS development and recovery after injury. Although S100B is mainly found in astroglial and Schwann cells, it also has extracerebral sources. S100B is a useful neurobiochemical marker of brain damage such as in circulatory arrest, stroke and traumatic brain injury. S100B was associated with electrosensitivity. S100B is also associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease or other chronic neurological diseases.
2. alpha-MSH.
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) is a critically important regulatory neuropeptide. It is produced in the hypothalamus, an area of the brain important for hormonal control of the body, and where the nervous system meets the endocrine system. Small amounts are probably also produced elsewhere in the brainstem.
a-MSH is low in Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS), an acute and chronic, systemic inflammatory response syndrome acquired following exposure to the interior environment of a water-damaged building with resident toxigenic organisms as well as volatile organic compounds. In CIRS, blocked leptin receptors will no longer create the initiation of steps that lead to production of a-MSH. Low a-MSH can cause sleep problems, "leaky gut", chronic pain, and the ability for resistant staph (MARCoNS) to survive in biofilm on the mucous membranes.
3. CD38 ELISA test in serum.
CD38, which has an important role in dendritic cells (DC) chemotaxis and migration to lymph nodes, was strongly up-regulated by LPS but practically not at all by Borrelia garinii (mostly inducing neuroborreliosis). Borrelia garinii may affect crucial DC functions by blocking the up-regulation of important molecules in DC migration to lymph nodes, thus affecting further immune responses in Lyme borreliosis infection (Hartiala et al. 2007). Furthermore, to determine whether the inability of B. garinii to induce CD38 expression would be related to other B. burgdorferi genospecies as well, Hartiala and colleagues (J Immunol. 2010) stimulated DC with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. afzelii. Neither of these Borrelia genospecies induced CD38 upregulation. Thus low levels of CD38 might indicate Borrelia infection.
4. ß-defensin-2 ELISA test in stool samples.
The ß-defensins are an integral part of the congenital immune system and contribute with their antimicrobial effect to the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. Defensins exert a variable degree of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and some enveloped viruses. The expression of ß-defensins is induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokines and also through microorganisms (e.g. E. coli, H. pylori or P. aeruginosa) and by probiotic microorganisms. A ß-defensin-2 deficiency can, for example, be observed in the intestinal mucous of patients with Crohn’s disease. The defense system of the mucous membrane is therefore restricted and allows an increased invasion of bacteria, which could possibly lead to a typical infection in Crohn’s disease patients. Recent results imply that ß-defensin-2 is overexpressed in active intestinal inflammation, especially in ulcerative colitis.
5. ANA/ENA IgG immunoblot.
ANA/ENA IgG immunoblot with 15 antigens is an immunoblot for autoantibodies in Connective Tissue Diseases CTD - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren´s syndrom (SjS), Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), Progressive systemic scleroderma (PSS) & Myositis). ANA/ENA IgG serves for the differentiation between rheumatic autoimmune diseases and other rheumatic diseases with similar symptoms.
6. EPX/EDN ELISA test in stool samples.
The accumulation of EDN in the intestine is associated with inflammation and tissue damage. Measuring of EDN in stool can serve as an objective parameter for a current clinical or sub-clinical chronic inflammation located in the gastrointestinal area. Fecal EDN is considered the best of the cytotoxic granule proteins for assessment of gut inflammation, as it most accurately reflects clinical, endoscopic, and histologic scores of disease activity and mucosal damage. Elevated levels of fecal EDN are linked to multiple inflammatory conditions, like food allergy/sensitivity, pathogenic infections (C. difficile and H. Pylori), IBS, Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders.
7. ZONULIN ELISA test in stool samples.
Zonulin modulates the permeability of tight junctions between cells of the wall of the digestive tract. As the zonulin level rises, the seal between the intestinal cells diminishes, opening up spaces between cells that allow all sorts of things to pass right through. This is called "leaky gut".
